Coconut shell charcoal is a preferred material for sodium-ion battery anodes due to several key properties and advantages:

High Electrical Conductivity
Coconut shell charcoal exhibits relatively high electrical conductivity, which is essential for efficient charge transfer during battery operations. For instance, it has been reported to have an electrical conductivity of 2.064 x 10^-3 S/m, making it suitable for anode applications.

High Capacitance
The specific capacitance of coconut shell charcoal is also relatively high, at 4.46154 F/g. This property helps in storing electrical energy efficiently and maintaining the battery’s overall performance.

Cost-Effectiveness
Coconut shells are abundant and inexpensive, making them a cost-effective source of activated carbon for anode production. This reduces the battery’s overall cost and enhances its sustainability.

Environmental Benefits
Utilizing coconut shells as a raw material for activated carbon production aids waste management and reduces the environmental impact of traditional energy storage solutions.

Scalability
Coconut shells can be easily sourced and processed in large quantities, making them a scalable and reliable option for mass production of sodium-ion batteries.

Compatibility with Sodium
Coconut shell charcoal has been shown to be compatible with sodium ions, allowing for efficient sodium insertion and extraction during battery operations. This ensures high reversible capacity and cycling stability.

Treatment Flexibility
Coconut shell charcoal can be treated to optimize its properties for anode applications. This includes adjusting activator concentrations, sintering temperatures, and other processing parameters to enhance conductivity and capacitance.

Overall, coconut shell charcoal offers a combination of high electrical conductivity, capacitance, cost-effectiveness, environmental benefits, scalability, compatibility with sodium, and treatment flexibility, making it a preferred material for sodium-ion battery anodes.